Use Bond Energies to Find Enthalpy Change

You can use bond energies to find the enthalpy change of a chemical reaction. This example problem shows what to do. Review You may wish to review the laws of thermochemistry and endothermic and exothermic reactions before you begin. A table of single bond energies is available to help you. Enthalpy Change Problem Estimate the change in enthalpy, ΔH, for the following reaction: H2 (g) Cl2 (g) → 2 HCl (g) Solution To work this problem, think of the reaction in terms of simple steps: Step 1 The reactant molecules, H2 and Cl2, break down into their atoms. H2(g) → 2 H(g)Cl2(g) → 2 Cl(g) Step 2 These atoms combine to form HCl molecules. 2 H (g) 2 Cl (g) → 2 HCl (g) In the first step, the H-H and Cl-Cl bonds are broken. In both cases, one mole of bonds is broken. When we look up the single bond energies for the H-H and Cl-Cl bonds, we find them to be 436 kJ/mol and 243 kJ/mol, therefore for the first step of the reaction:​ ΔH1 (436 kJ 243 kJ) 679 kJ Bond breaking requires energy, so we expect the value for ΔH to be positive for this step. In the second step of the reaction, two moles of H-Cl bonds are formed. Bond breaking liberates energy, so we expect the ΔH for this portion of the reaction to have a negative value. Using the table, the single bond energy for one mole of H-Cl bonds is found to be 431 kJ: ΔH2 -2(431 kJ) -862 kJ By applying Hesss Law, ΔH ΔH1 ΔH2 ΔH 679 kJ - 862 kJΔH -183 kJ Answer The enthalpy change for the reaction will be ΔH -183 kJ.

The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online Gaming in Teens and Children Free Essays

7 March 2012 Real Virtual Reality: The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online Gaming in Teens and Children Droning away on the computer next to me, my friend is able to completely zone out his surroundings; with each click of the mouse, he is exclusively in the virtual world he creates. His constant need to disappear from society and to construct his own, compels me to question the reason of why he’s doing what exactly he is doing. I do not have an answer why he does what he does but at least he’s doing something that he can be good at. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online Gaming in Teens and Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now However the reasons could be from a feeling of detachment from society or running away from a deeper problem that is put deep inside oneself and not directly confronted. Gaming is not the problem. It is merely something that is used to console and comfort. The excessive use of it, however, is what can hold harmful effects to normal behavior and social attitudes. It could turn into developing real psychological problems like social awkwardness , depression, difficulty in a job enviroment and relationships, being disconnected from reality and in some cases can develop into antisocial disorders. Meek 2) With the number of gamers and games increasing each year, (Sinclair) changes need to be done for our future generations to be more engaged and more responsive with society. Beginning with parenting in such way that sets a good example of what it means to be a responsible and productive citizen, such as active parenting and atively pursuing a better responive citizen. Raising children is indeed extremely difficult, time consuming, emotionally and physically exhausting, and is something to not to be considered lightly before having a child or children. To raise a child, is not only providing for their needs and showing affection, but also shaping the next generation of our society and what we as humans leave behind. An example is a very powerful and useful tool that we possess. A young child is very apt to learn and react to each and everything a parent does or does not do. From learning from subtle signals or gestures, to the life lessons and values that they will carry on with them to adulthood. Good parenting and good teaching does not simply mean turning kids loose. Good parents and good teachers need to do become more educated about what children and adolescents struggle with to become the best parent they can be. Although gaming might not always be the first choice as parents, parents spend a lot of time at soccer games and violin recitals and other things that is done not because they like them necessarily but because they matter to their kids. (Zur (a) 53) Many children find a sense of power and excitement in games. There is certainly nothing wrong with wanting power. However, the child may also be avoiding something undesirable in offline life, and dive into games to flee the real world. They can get caught up in this fantasy world that keeps them out of real life responsibilities and become addicted to the online world. An addiction the same as caffeine and nicotine. This may be affecting the child’s psychological and physical well-being. Growing children and teens need face-to-face interaction to develop healthly emotional, spiritual, social and sexually and too much time at the computer and not enough sunshine, exercise, physical contact, and face-to-face interaction can leave children and teens lacking in social skills and other development. Which can cause an over dependence on technology. The inability to relate or communicate effectively face-to-face alienates and isolates them from society. (Zur (c) 6) As video games become more realistic, their place in society becomes more apparent and at a level that is bigger than ever before imagined. We’ve all seen or heard stories about certain people that commit terrible acts allegedly under the influence of video games. It is easy to assume that fantasy gaming is â€Å"bad† or â€Å"harmful.    Indeed, it’s human nature to demonize what we don’t understand and fing a place for it that is away from sight and away from being affected by it. It seems to many that even â€Å"healthy† fantasy like reading Harry Potter books  or sketching dungeons with pencils has to be better than  fantasy like World of Warcraft, which numbs minds, sucks the imagination, and has no  redeeming value. Whether it be, parenting in a way that promotes more s ocial activity, self realization of how the excess of gaming can effect oneself, or the herapeutic procedures that can help alleviate from the trap of becoming addicted to the virtual world. Gilsdof said it best when we said, â€Å"Online gaming is not the problem, it is how people use it. Addiction is never in the object, the addiction is in the relationship one has with the object. Change begins in the person not the object†. (Gilsdof) Works Cited page Gamespot. Brendan Sinclair. 2008. Gamespot Inc. 3 March 2012. http://www. gamespot. com/news/npd-72-percent-of-us-are-gamers-6188668 Psych Central, Online Gaming Addicition. Will Meek, Ph. D. Psych Central. 3 March 2012 Psychology Today,. Ethan Gilsdof. Psychology Today. 3 March 2012. Richard Allan Bartle. Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spade: Players Who Suit MUDs. Essex, UK: Muse Ltd. 1999 Zur Institute on the Internet. (a) Ofer Zur, Ph. D. 2011. Zur Institute LLC. 3 March 2012. Zur, Ofer, Ph. D. (b) The Adventure of Online Gaming. New York: Random House, 2003 Zur, Ofer, Ph. D. (c) Handling Internet Addiction Dissorder, (IAD) Chicago: University of Chicago Publishing, 2001 How to cite The Psychological Effect of Excessive Online Gaming in Teens and Children, Papers

Great Impact on The Legal Procedure of The Court

Question: What factors influenced each of these decisions? Read the dissenting opinions as well. Explore to what extent political ideology influences constitutional law. To support your points identify specific examples in the language of both decisions and dissents. Examine political climate when both cases were decided. Look at what philosophical underpinnings may have influenced the thinking of the court of the respective eras of these cases. How did the courts in each era read the U.S. CONSTITUTION differently? Answer: Introduction The rulers of the constituency use to apply several different types of law and Act in order to keep the rule and regulation of the constituency as well as the law and order of the constituency. These Acts generally use to keep peace in the specific constituency (Finkelman, 2009). One of the examples of these types of Act is the Separate Car ACT, as per this Act the US national use to get separate but equal right. According to the Act the Railroad provide separate compartment or sitting arrangement to the passenger as per their racial identity the white citizen have separate sitting arrangement as well as the colored citizens have separate sitting arrangement or separate compartment. Moreover, as per the Act the citizens of US have to obey the rule and as per their race they have to accommodate their position in the rail compartments. Besides this, violation of the rule can lead to adverse consequences to the citizens (Justia Law, 2016). Besides this, there is Act, which protect the r ight of the accused, means by this Act the accused have some basic rights and that should be full filled by the authority of the constituency. In order to discuss the Legal consequence where the political factor as well as current situation of the country influence the constitutional law, there are two important cases has been undertaken. Moreover, as per the two cases the discussion will be continued. The political factors and conditions of the constituency have great influence on the legal procedures. In the two cases Plessy V. Feruson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) and Miranda V Arizona, 384 U.S. 436(1966) two different aspects of political influence of the legal procedures can be observed and that will be discussed in this easy. Factors influencing decisions of plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) In the case of the plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), the Separate Car Act of the Louisiana was seemed to be challenged as for the violation of the 13th and the 14th amendments for the constitution. For the deliberating the judgement, Mr Justice Brown cancelled the disagreement of the Plessy. The opinions of the justice Brown in judgement clearly indicate the mood of the society at the ages of the 1970. It thereby provides the mirror for the customs and the usage in the society is taking place with the help of the creation of the reflection on the rights with the consideration of the particular era of law. It also reflects and accepts the considered rights by the bulk of the people of the picky era (Phan, 2004). It has been clearly proved from verses of the Justice Brown is that judgement also even considered the racisms context with the consideration of the Whites and the Blacks. Henceforth the consideration of the people also helps in the consideration of the acceptable activ ities never mingle with the biased ideologies pursued the periods of the plessy v. Ferguson. It thereby also focuses of the separation of the equal ensuring of the laws for the creation of the equal political ideology. This political ideology provides the essence that was followed during the times of the plessy v. Ferguson in order to endure that the law was equal for all with the separation of the essence of different cases. In this case of plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), the decision of the regulation of the district court helps in the creation of the conduction with the separation of the acts for the blacks and the whites. It also helps in the creation of equality for the appropriate consideration of the case plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). With creation of partitioning the two coaches, the races are seemed to be discriminated and thereby the plessy was found to be guilt for case and there by the factors are also mentioned above. Factors influencing decisions of miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.s. 436 (1966) Miranda v. Arzona 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was significant verdicts that laid behind the constitutional rights of the indicted. In history, it is considered as one most famous case that was given in light of increasing brutalities on accused and suspects by the police which led to strained declaration of guilt of the offence by accused. The court gave decision in respect to the right of the suspects and of preventing forced confessions that are being used as the evidence in favour of prosecution. In this case, legal issues was solved which was essential for the law enforcing administrators to notify the charge of guaranteed rights by the constitution and the statements made by verdict who are subjected to the custodial questioning by police during the prosecution of the individual was informed under 5th amendment of constitution of his privilege. The test of totality of the circumstances or voluntariness was commonly employed by courts in order to determine the admission permissibility b y accuse in the criminal matter (Barker 2005). The decision was engaged on the basis of case as to whether confession or admission completed by accused is allowable as the confirmation in prosecution. The question arises is that the admissibility is being determined on randomly and also on base of pressure amount that the police exerted on accused. The court arrived on decision that the accused was not treated by police very badly and it would permit admission prepared by suspects to police. The accused would have demonstrated the substantial force used by police and declaration of guilt of suspects should not be legally recognized which the prosecution must use. The indistinctness in the case considered as one of most significant factors that have prejudiced the decisions on case of Miranda (Mann 2009). The Supreme Court reversed the conviction of the Miranda. Warren, the chief justice held that an individual deprived from his freedom should be informed of his rights and should be warned of what he says that could be used against him in law court. Therefore, he should inform about all his rights to have a legal representative present during the investigation. The person can ignore his rights once he was warned at his discretion. Justice White and Justice Harlan gave a dissenting opinion. The Justice Harlan explains that the rules not informed because the suspect would be protected from the police brutality. The Justice White states that the urge is natural in custody and statement could not be made in the protection unless a protective device is prescribed by court are to be employed. The Justice White states that it was not suitable for criminal justice system (Shaw 2003). The mainstream conclusion in the following case was the demonstration of the poor understanding of the constitution law. Examine political climates for both cases The political ideology also helps in the provision of the consequences with the creation of the essence3 of the Separate Car Act that helps in the accommodation of the whites and the blacks in the rail road car with the consideration of equality between each other. It thereby enhances the ulterior discrimination against the blacks and henceforth the law decides the enhancement of the sense of the equality in between the races and thereby avoids racism. As per the statute of the Justice Brown, the statute implies the enhancement of the discrimination of the races in amid the whites and the coloured races difference which provides colours of two races (Supreme Court of the United States. Plessy v. Ferguson. May 18, 1896, 1896). It also helps in the creation of the distinction which creates the ability for the legal equality rising with the enhancement of the political ideology of the two races and thereby the re-establishment of the two races takes place with the creation of the state of the involuntary servitude. The above judgement provides the window for the mind which helps in the creation of the similarity in favour of the creation of the discrimination with the creation of the segmentation as per the law. Brown showed the movement of the equality in between the blacks and the whites with the creation of the society gained forces which helps in securing the movement. These types of the racial discrimination of the laws in the 17th and the 18th centuries provide the reflection on the resentment among the people with the creation of protection against the discrimination among the blacks and thereby the amendments are made by the constitution to abolish the slavery and forced servitude. A long opinion was issued by the opinion of the issued by the John Marshall Harlan which showed to the acceptation of the inappropriate distinction of the citizen with the creation of the basic race and also helps in creation of hatred among the races (Tushnet, 1997). It also pr ovides the judgement of the inferiority in between the races thereby creating a sensitive reason for the black. It also helps in the creation of the pernicious decisions made by the creation of the tribunal in the Dred Scott Case. In the case of Miranda v. Arzona 384 U.S. 436 (1966) decisions has been criticized by saying that it was biased towards the criminals and adversely affecting the public safety and society. In the late 1960s the decisions were taken, the courts have take decisions to balance the rights of safety and suspects. In the 1980s and 1970s where courts in different cases relieve decisions in Miranda and authorized the protection officials control in order to compel the confession from the accused by not providing information and details about their human rights (Watson, Gleeson and Higgins 2013). The decision taken in Miranda case, in 2000 was upheld by 2 to 7 majority in matter of the Dickerson V. United States and it was showed that there was no explanation before the court for the Miranda that to be overruled and it had become the part of routine procedure. The decision shows the perception of judge and courts that ensure far trial to accused that has transformed the decision in Miranda in to a everyday practice that to be followed by the law officers. Conclusion The political factors and the political situation have great impact on the legal procedure of the court. These factors greatly influence the legal procedure of the constitution. In this easy, there are two different case of two different century has been undertaken in order to discuss the influence of the political factor on the legal case (HISTORY.com, 2016). In the first case of Plessy V. Feruson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) it can be seen that in US there was separate car Act for their citizen. Moreover, according to the Act the sitting arrangement and space of the passenger in a rail would be determined by their colors and races. There are separate compartment for the white people and the colored people. Moreover, as per the Act the people are liable to take places in the compartment as per their race and violating the act proved harsh punishment to the citizen. Here in the case Plessy a colored people with a first class ticket entered to the compartment reserved for the white people. M oreover, after the railway officer fined him he complained that his fundamental right was violated (Supreme Court of the United States. Plessy v. Ferguson. May 18, 1896, 1896). Whereas, in the case of Miranda V Arizona, 384 U.S. 436(1966) the convicted Miranda appeal that his accused right has been violated. References Phan, H. (2004). A race so different: Chinese exclusion, the slaughterhouse cases , and Plessy v. Ferguson.Labor History, 45(2), pp.133-163. Supreme Court of the United States. Plessy v. Ferguson. May 18, 1896. (1896).The Virginia Law Register, 2(5), p.327. Tushnet, M. (1997). "Plessy V. Ferguson" in Libertarian Perspective.Law and Philosophy, 16(3), p.245. Barker, David. 2005.Essential Australian Law. Sydney, N.S.W.: Cavendish. Mann, Trischa. 2009.Australian Law Dictionary. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Shaw, Malcolm N. 2003.International Law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Watson, J. A, Justin T Gleeson, and Ruth C. A Higgins. 2013.Historical Foundations Of Australian Law. Annandale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. Finkelman, P. (2009).Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896 to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. HISTORY.com. (2016).Plessy v. Ferguson - Black History - HISTORY.com. [online] Available at: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Justia Law. (2016).Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966). [online] Available at: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/436/case.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Supreme Court of the United States. Plessy v. Ferguson. May 18, 1896. (1896).The Virginia Law Register, 2(5), p.327.

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Abraham Lincoln Essay Example

Abraham Lincoln Essay Example Abraham Lincoln Essay Abraham Lincoln Essay Abraham Lincoln in the US History Abraham Lincoln, the greatest man in U.S. history, had many great accomplishments for this nation throughout his presidency. The most significant of these accomplishments was the abolishment of slavery.His love for America motivated him to do what he knew to be just.Lincoln had a meaningful, but shortened life, but he still accomplished more things than most other people in their lifetimes.Abraham Lincoln, the greatest man in U.S. history, had a childhood, education, and achievements that are exceptionally commendable. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky. (Donald 22; Neely 347)Abe liked to work outdoors, and was raised to do farm work. (Sandburg 14; Neely 347)When Abe was seven, his family moved to Indiana. (Donald 23)Partly on account of slavery, Abraham recalled, but chiefly on account ofdifficulty in land titles in Kentucky. (Neely 347)His formal education he received in an Indiana Blab School, using only the spelling book. (A ngle 23)He loved to read, especially the Bible, Aesops Fables, and Robinson Crusoe, to name a few. (Angle 23-24)In 1817, his grandparents Tom and Betsey Sparrow died of milk sick.Abes mother also died from this on October 15, 1818. (Sandburg 11) Lincoln reached his full height, 64, before he was 20.Abe was thin, awkward, big-boned, and strong in the arms. (Baritt 313)Abe was interested in politics, and would walk 30 miles to a courthouse to hear lawyers speak and to see how they argued.Abe also heard political speakers and mimicked them.In 1830, he made hisfirst political speech, on improving the Sangamoon River for better navigation. (Sandburg 15, 21) On March 1, 1830, he left for Illinois to the town of New Salem, looking for a career to pursue. (Sandburg 20)In 1831, however, he was still unsure of his career.

Domestic Terrorism Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domestic Terrorism - Term Paper Example As a result, the disintegration of political, economic, and social functions occurs (McCann, 2006). Domestic terrorism continues to plague the USA because of the difference in perspectives between individuals partaking in acts termed as acts of terrorism and victims of these acts. Those involved in such acts use their ideologies as a basis of justification; however misguided their actions might be, they do not consider themselves terrorists. On the contrary, they view themselves as heroes ascribing heroic qualities to their actions. Despite this disagreement, all parties agree on the forms terrorist acts take, which include systematic or nonsystematic warfare covertly displayed. However, in some extreme cases, the display of warfare occurs openly, for example, in the cases of suicide bombing. Moreover, people also agree on the role played by political, religious, and, social ideologies as being the driving force behind acts of terrorism. This essay analyzes the historical context of domestic terrorism in America; compares and contrasts domestic and international terrorism and addresses the psychological impact of domestic terrorism (McCann, 2006). 2. Domestic Terrorism in America. ... stitution of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the official introduction of the American dream happened and with this came the introduction of hope among citizens. However, as time elapsed, many begun to distrust the core values outlined by the Declaration of Independence (Don, 2010). This happened when individuals noted the disparities in equality compounded by the differences in race, religion, and, political ideologies among other factors. Increasing levels of distrust resulted in acts of domestic terrorism. People resorted to inhumane warfare tactics with the aim of raising awareness on their frustrations. The acts of terror can be classified according to the period in which they occurred. These include; post civil war, 1920s communist and anarchist violence, and, domestic terrorism (1960s & 1970s). Post-civil war acts of terrorism begun as early as 1622 when Native Americans waged war on the Jamestown colony, where they ended up killing 30% of the population. The Powhatan Native Americans rebelled because of the encroachment and forceful eviction of their population by White settlers. Their actions served to highlight their displeasure with the White settlers who showed little regard for the ancestral occupants of the land. However, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed in 1967, represented the first officially recognized terrorist organization in the USA. Led by former Confederate Nathan Bedford, the KKK initially sought to represent social issues, however, their goals got misdirected in 1868, whereby, its followers turned to violence. The KKK represented white supremacist ideologies, which looked down upon Black Americans. The 1920s saw the communists, and anarchist acts of terrorism spread through the USA. The USA’s ideologies are individualistic in nature,

Property law exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Property law exam questions - Essay Example Garcia and other persons or entities that may later on claims interest on the property. By virtue of its nature, an annotation on the Torrens Title is indefeasible. Where there is clear showing that the property is held under the Torrens Title, the argument in Garcia shall not be applicable. Reliance on the mortgage and guarantee executed over the couple’s home as evidence by the annotation in the Torrens Title is enough to bind the couple and other interested persons. a. My advice to Ms. Tomasina Jones is to seek redress in court based on the argument of prior right over the property and the fact that it was sold without her consent and authority. She can file a case against Ms. Thompson for fraud and recovery of property. Since Ms. Esther Asterix have not registered the sale and could not be held the absolute owner thereof thus Ms. Jones can claim prior right. Furthermore, since Ms. Thompson unduly enriched herself on the expense of Ms. Asterix, she shall be liable to return the money to Ms. Asterix plus damages. To best understand how the case metamorphosed, let us go back to the facts. Ms. Jones is a holder in fee simple where she has all the rights towards the property. In the case at bar, she employed Thomson Thompson to manage the far in her absence. Unfortunately, Ms. Thompson found the certificate of title concealed in an old Tim Tam Indulgence tin and used the same to sell the land to Esther Asterix. Ms. Asterix paid the valuation on a walk-in-walk-out basis, which is valid under the Conveyancing Act 1919. At the time of the sale Ms. Asterix have no idea that Ms. Thompson was not really the true owner of the property, making her a purchaser in good faith2 under Section 29B of the Conveyancing Act 1919. Under this section, â€Å"an instrument purporting to exercise a legal or equitable power of appointment over property, which, in